CBSE Class 12 Economics Important Topics 2027
Last updated:
Every topic ranked by how often and how recently it was asked in 5 board + 2 official sample papers (2022–2026). Teal tags = board papers, orange tags = official sample papers.
Top 10 most important topics
| # | Topic | Chapter | Asked in | Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | State of education; role of government | Human Capital Formation in India | Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★★ |
| 2 | Organic farming and sustainable rural development | Rural Development | Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| 3 | Value-added (product) method of national income | National Income and Related Aggregates | Board 2022Board 2023Board 2025Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| 4 | Self-employed, casual wage and regular salaried workers | Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues | Board 2023Board 2025Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| 5 | Real and Nominal GDP; GDP deflator | National Income and Related Aggregates | Board 2022Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| 6 | Human capital formation and economic growth | Human Capital Formation in India | Board 2024Board 2025Sample 2025 | ★★★★☆ |
| 7 | Expenditure method of measuring national income | National Income and Related Aggregates | Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| 8 | Investment multiplier and its working | Determination of Income and Employment | Board 2022Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| 9 | Supply of money: M1 and its components | Money and Banking | Board 2024Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| 10 | Agricultural marketing (regulated markets) | Rural Development | Board 2024Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
Chapter-wise important topics
National Income and Related Aggregates · National Income and Related Aggregates
| Value-added (product) method of national income asked 5× | Board 2022Board 2023Board 2025Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| Real and Nominal GDP; GDP deflator asked 4× | Board 2022Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| Expenditure method of measuring national income asked 3× | Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| Final goods vs intermediate goods asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Factor income vs transfer income asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Circular flow of income (real flow and money flow) asked 2× | Board 2023Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| GDP and welfare (externalities) asked 2× | Board 2022Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Income method of measuring national income asked 2× | Board 2022Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Stocks and flows asked 2× | Board 2022Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Market price vs factor cost / basic prices; net indirect taxes asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption goods vs capital goods asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption of fixed capital vs capital loss asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Circular flow of income (two-sector economy) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GDP measurement (non-monetized / unreported transactions) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Real and Nominal GDP; GDP and welfare asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Final vs intermediate goods; treatment of second-hand goods asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Factor payments / factor income classification asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Net factor income from abroad; domestic vs national aggregates asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Expenditure method; precautions (double counting) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GDP and welfare (limitations of GDP as a welfare index) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Income method; components of profit asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Relationship among national income aggregates asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GDP and welfare (externalities as a limitation) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Factor payments (operating surplus) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Circular flow of income asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Market price vs factor cost; net indirect taxes asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Value added; value of output asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Domestic (GDP) vs national aggregates; net factor income from abroad asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Expenditure method; domestic territory asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Domestic territory; transfer vs factor income; gross vs net asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Factor payments (rent and royalty) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Value added; final vs intermediate goods asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Money and Banking · Money and Banking
| Supply of money: M1 and its components asked 3× | Board 2024Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Central bank (RBI): functions (banker to government) asked 3× | Board 2023Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Functions of money (store of value) asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Credit (money) creation; money multiplier asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Functions of money (standard of deferred payment) asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Central bank (RBI): meaning (factual - year of establishment) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Legal reserve ratio (CRR/SLR); credit creation asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Functions of money; forms of money asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Supply of money; Central Bank Digital Currency asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Legal reserve ratio: SLR asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Commercial banks and credit creation asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Instruments of monetary policy asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Central bank (RBI): functions (currency issue) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Instruments of monetary policy (repo/bank rate) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Monetary policy and money supply asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Commercial banks and credit (money) creation; primary and secondary deposits asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Instruments of monetary policy (Bank Rate) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Central bank (RBI): functions (banker's bank / supervisory) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Instruments of monetary policy (repo/lending rate) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Credit creation; legal reserve ratio (money multiplier) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Determination of Income and Employment · Determination of Income and Employment
| Investment multiplier and its working asked 3× | Board 2022Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Deficient demand (deflationary gap) asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct excess demand (monetary measures) asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Consumption function (break-even level) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| APC, APS (relationship APC + APS = 1) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Consumption and saving functions (dissaving); equilibrium income asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Effective demand; ex-ante AD vs AS; equilibrium asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Equilibrium (S = I approach); ex-ante saving vs investment asked 2× | Board 2023Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct deficient demand (open market operations) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Equilibrium (AD = AS, 45-degree reference line) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| MPC; consumption function asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aggregate demand and its components asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption and saving functions asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Break-even and equilibrium level of income; multiplier asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Investment multiplier asked 2× | Board 2022Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption and saving functions (break-even level) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct deficient demand (monetary measures) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| APC, APS (and marginal propensities) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Behaviour of APC as income changes asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption function (autonomous consumption) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aggregate demand and its components; consumption function asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Investment multiplier; MPS asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| APC and APS asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Equilibrium level of income; investment multiplier asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct excess demand (inflationary gap) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct excess demand (fiscal/supply-side) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption function; MPC and MPS asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Full employment and involuntary unemployment asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption function (autonomous and induced consumption) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption and saving functions; APC, APS, MPC, MPS asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Ex-ante AD vs AS; excess demand asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Saving function; investment multiplier; MPS asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Investment multiplier; MPC asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| APC and APS (behaviour at break-even) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| MPC and MPS (relationship MPC + MPS = 1) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Full employment and involuntary/voluntary unemployment asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Consumption function; MPC asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Equilibrium level of income; multiplier asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures to correct deficient demand (monetary policy) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Government Budget and the Economy · Government Budget and the Economy
| Revenue receipts vs capital receipts asked 4× | Board 2023Board 2024 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Measures of government deficit (fiscal deficit) asked 2× | Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Revenue receipts (tax and non-tax) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Government budget: objectives asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget receipts: revenue (grants) and capital (disinvestment) receipts asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget receipts: tax revenue (direct and indirect) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget receipts: tax revenue (direct vs indirect tax) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget receipts; tax buoyancy and fiscal consolidation asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Government budget objectives (allocation function / public goods) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget receipts and expenditure (tax, non-tax, capital) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget expenditure; objectives of budget asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Budget expenditure (revenue vs capital); expenditure trends asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures of government deficit (fiscal vs revenue) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Government budget: objectives (stabilisation) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures of government deficit (revenue vs fiscal) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Measures of government deficit (primary deficit) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Government budget: objectives (economic stability) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Balance of Payments · Balance of Payments
| Autonomous and accommodating transactions asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Balance of trade asked 3× | Board 2023Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Exchange rate systems; devaluation asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Current account vs capital account (external assistance) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Foreign exchange rate: flexible/floating asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Balance of Payments: current account surplus/deficit; balance of trade asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Balance of Payments account: capital account asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Balance of Payments surplus and deficit asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Exchange rate systems; depreciation/devaluation asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Current account vs capital account asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Balance of Payments account: current account (debit/credit recording) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Foreign exchange rate: managed floating system asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Foreign exchange reserves; current account asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| BoP account: current vs capital, debit vs credit asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| BoP surplus and deficit; autonomous vs accommodating transactions asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Foreign exchange rate: fixed vs flexible/floating asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Autonomous and accommodating transactions; capital account asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Current account; unilateral transfers (debit/credit) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Foreign exchange market; supply of foreign exchange asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence and 1950-1990 · Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
| Demographic condition at independence asked 2× | Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Britain's monopoly control over India's exports and imports (drain of wealth) asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Goals of Five Year Plans (self-reliance) asked 2× | Board 2025Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Infrastructure under colonial rule / British interest asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Occupational structure under colonial rule asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Import-substituting inward-looking trade strategy asked 2× | Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Goals of Five Year Plans (equity) asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Britain's monopoly control over India's exports and imports asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Infrastructure under colonial rule (railways) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Demographic condition at independence (demographic transition) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy (IPR 1956 classification of industries) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Agriculture: land reforms (land ceiling) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| State of industry under colonial rule (deindustrialisation of handicrafts) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy; mixed economy asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy (licensing under IPR 1956) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| National income estimates under colonial rule asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Import-substituting inward-looking trade strategy (protection) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Land reforms; industrial policy; goals of Five Year Plans asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| State of agriculture, industry and trade under colonial rule asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy (small-scale industry protection) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy (import-substituting, inward-looking) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Green Revolution; appraisal of 1950-1990 experience asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| State of agriculture under colonial rule (commercialisation, famines) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy; planning strategy asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Industrial policy (licensing / License Raj) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Goals of Five Year Plans; planning apparatus (Planning Commission / NITI Aayog) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Economic Reforms since 1991 · Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991
| Financial sector reforms asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Privatisation and disinvestment asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation and outsourcing asked 2× | Board 2025Board 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Financial sector reforms (promotion of mutual funds) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation (regional/global economic groupings) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation and outsourcing (Special Economic Zone) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Appraisal of LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation) reforms asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Background and need for economic reforms (1991 crisis) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Liberalisation; globalisation asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation; trade agreements asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Tax reforms (GST) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Trade and investment reforms; globalisation asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Background and need for economic reforms (permit-license raj) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation and the WTO asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Liberalisation: industrial reforms asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Appraisal of LPG reforms (farm subsidies debate) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Globalisation; trade (multilateral trade) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Financial sector reforms (digital banking) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Human Capital Formation in India · Current Challenges facing the Indian Economy
| State of education; role of government asked 4× | Board 2024Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★★ |
| Human capital formation and economic growth asked 4× | Board 2024Board 2025Sample 2025 | ★★★★☆ |
| Characteristics of human capital asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (education); human capital vs human development asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (education) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (health); human capital and growth asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| State of education; role of government (RTE) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Role of government in education; human capital and growth asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (on-the-job training) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (education, on-the-job training, skilling) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sources of human capital (migration) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Meaning of human capital; human capital vs physical capital asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Rural Development · Current Challenges facing the Indian Economy
| Organic farming and sustainable rural development asked 3× | Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| Agricultural marketing (regulated markets) asked 3× | Board 2024Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Meaning and key issues in rural development (rural-development schemes) asked 2× | Sample 2025 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Rural credit (transformation with Green Revolution) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Diversification into productive activities (animal husbandry, fisheries, horticulture) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Diversification into productive activities asked 2× | Board 2023Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Rural credit: institutional sources asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diversification into productive activities (animal husbandry) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diversification into productive activities (allied activities) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Meaning and key issues in rural development asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Rural credit: institutional sources (cooperatives) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diversification into productive activities; agricultural marketing asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diversification; government role in rural development asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Agricultural marketing asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Rural credit / financial inclusion asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Organic farming asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diversification / IT in agriculture and food security asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Agricultural marketing (Minimum Support Price, buffer stock) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Rural credit: institutional and non-institutional sources asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Rural credit (micro credit) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Related Issues · Current Challenges facing the Indian Economy
| Self-employed, casual wage and regular salaried workers asked 4× | Board 2023Board 2025Sample 2025Sample 2026 | ★★★★☆ |
| Formal and informal sector employment asked 2× | Board 2026Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Jobless growth asked 2× | Board 2023Sample 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Unemployment: types and measurement asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Sectoral classification of workers (primary/secondary/tertiary) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Measurement of employment/unemployment (data sources) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Labour force vs workforce; unemployment asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Informalisation of the workforce; casualisation asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Types of unemployment; worker categories; informal sector asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Unemployment: types (disguised unemployment) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Worker-population ratio; gender/sectoral distribution of workers asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Worker-population ratio; rural-urban female employment asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Regular salaried vs casual workers; rural-urban employment asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Worker-population ratio asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Formal and informal sector employment; informalisation asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Self-employed workers; underemployment asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Regular salaried workers; gender and employment asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Informalisation/casualisation of the workforce asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Infrastructure · Current Challenges facing the Indian Economy
| Relevance of infrastructure for development asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Health: indicators, state of health infrastructure (Indian Systems of Medicine) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Environment and Sustainable Development · Current Challenges facing the Indian Economy
| Strategies for sustainable development asked 3× | Board 2023Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Sustainable development: meaning and need asked 2× | Board 2022Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Environmental degradation and pollution asked 3× | Board 2023Board 2024 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Environmental degradation; state of environmental resources asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Functions of environment asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Environmental degradation and pollution; institutions asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sustainable development: meaning and need; strategies asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Global environmental issues (ozone depletion) asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sustainable development: meaning asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Environmental degradation; functions/state of environmental resources asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Strategies for sustainable development; environmental degradation asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Environment: functions of environment (absorptive capacity) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Environmental resources; institutions (CPCB) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Strategies for sustainable development (non-conventional energy) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Global environmental issues (global warming) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours · Development Experience of India - A Comparison with Neighbours
| Demographic indicators comparison (China one-child policy) asked 3× | Board 2024Board 2026Sample 2025 | ★★★☆☆ |
| Developmental path of Pakistan asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Human development indicators comparison (China) asked 2× | Board 2024Board 2025 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Developmental path of China (Great Leap Forward; agricultural reforms) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| GDP growth comparison (Pakistan) asked 1× | Sample 2026 | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Developmental path of China (Great Leap Forward) asked 2× | Board 2023Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Human development indicators comparison (liberty/other indicators) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Timing and nature of economic reforms (China open-door policy) asked 1× | Sample 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Developmental path of China asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Developmental path of India and Pakistan asked 1× | Board 2026 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Comparative development indicators (HDI, demographic, SEZ, commune) asked 1× | Board 2025 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Timing and nature of economic reforms asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GDP growth and sectoral contribution comparison (China SEZs) asked 1× | Board 2024 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Developmental path of China (Cultural Revolution) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sectoral and human development indicators comparison asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Timing and nature of economic planning in India, Pakistan and China asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Appraisal of development strategies (Pakistan) asked 1× | Board 2023 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| GDP growth and sectoral contribution comparison (China) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Appraisal of development strategies (China) asked 1× | Board 2022 | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Importance = how often a topic was asked × how recent, with extra weight for the latest official sample paper.