CBSE Class 12 Geography Important Questions 2027 (Repeated in Board Exams)

Read the passage on neo-determinism (concept put forward by Griffith Taylor in 1920; neither absolute necessity nor absolute freedom; stop and go determinism; free run of developed economies resulted in greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, global warming) and answer: (i) Who proposed the concept of neo-determinism? (ii) How did Taylor view the relationship between nature and a country's economic program? (iii) Why neo determinism has become quite relevant in the present-day context?

Examine the relationships between the 'unresting man' and 'unstable earth'.

Explain humanisation of nature with the help of a real life example.

[Case study: 'Most populous countries' table] How many of the listed countries fall under Asian continent? (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

Study the demographic transition graph. A country is currently experiencing low birth rates, low death rates, and a highly urbanized society with advanced healthcare and industrial infrastructure. Based on the Demographic Transition Theory, this country is most likely in which stage? A. Stage I: High Fluctuating B. Stage II: Expanding C. Stage III: Low Fluctuating D. Pre-Transition Phase

Examine the importance of 'sustainability' as a pillar of 'human development'.

[Case study: International Comparison of Human Development, HDI categories table] The most important factor applicable with high human development countries is ______. (A) maximum investment in social sector (B) maximum investment in service sector (C) maximum investment in industrial development (D) maximum investment in agricultural development

Read the passage on human development (introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq; HDI ranks countries on health, education and access to resources; India ranks 132 of 191 in HDI 2021; 2023 HDI report; Switzerland, Norway, Iceland leading) and answer: (i) What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure according to the source? (ii) What significant trend did the 2023 HDI report highlight regarding the world's poorest nations? (iii) Which three countries were ranked highest in the 2023 Human Development Index?

Match Column-I (Approach) with Column-II (Characteristics): a. Income Approach b. Welfare Approach c. Basic Needs Approach d. Capability Approach; i. Proposed by International Labour Organisation ii. Health, education and access to resources - key factors iii. It is one of the oldest approach iv. Human being - targeted beneficiaries. Options: (A) a-ii,b-i,c-iv,d-iii (B) a-ii,b-i,c-iii,d-iv (C) a-iii,b-iv,c-ii,d-i (D) a-iii,b-iv,c-i,d-ii

Which of the following statements related to the concept of 'development' are correct? I. Development means positive change in life. II. When positive growth is there, it is development. III. When quantity is greater, it is development. IV. Development is always relative to value. Options: (A) Only I, II and III (B) Only I, II and IV (C) Only I, III and IV (D) Only II, III and IV

"Mining has played a significant role in human development, especially since the Industrial Revolution." Discuss the factors affecting mining activities. What are the economic and social impacts of mining on developed and developing countries, and how do these impacts differ based on their levels of industrialization and labour dynamics?

Study the map showing areas of 'extensive commercial grains farming' (areas marked A and B) and answer: (18.1) Write the geographical name of the area marked as A. (18.2) Name any two major crops grown in the region A. (18.3) Explain the agricultural importance of the area marked as B.

'Dairy farming is practised mainly near urban and industrial centres.' Justify the statement with examples.

Discuss with examples, any five factors that influence industrial location.

"The cost of transport plays an important role in location of industries." Justify the statement with examples.

Synthetic fibre and plastic manufacturing is an example of which one of the following? (A) Mineral-based industry (B) Chemical-based industry (C) Forest-based industry (D) Animal-based industry

Which of the following activities is an example of a quaternary activity? A. Transporting coal from mines to factories via railways B. A lawyer drafting contracts for corporate clients C. A salesperson working at a local supermarket D. A scientist developing genetically modified crops in a research lab

Read the statements regarding 'tertiary activities' and choose the correct option: I. Tertiary activities include both production and exchange of services. II. Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services. III. Tertiary activities are directly involved in the processing of raw material. IV. The examples of tertiary activities are - plumber, doctor, publisher. Options: (A) Only I, II and III (B) Only I, II and IV (C) Only I, III and IV (D) Only II, III and IV

Differentiate between rural and urban marketing centres with examples.

Read the passage 'Tourism' (tourism has become the world's single largest tertiary activity in jobs and revenue; local persons employed for services; fosters infrastructure, retail trading and craft industries; Mediterranean Coast and West Coast of India popular destinations) and answer: (I) What constitutes tourism? (II) List two renowned global tourist destinations. (III) "Tourism has become the largest tertiary activity in the world". Comment.

"Road transport is the most economical for short distances compared to railway." In the context of this statement, explain the significance of road transport in the world.

Read the passage 'Case for Free Trade' (free trade/trade liberalisation by reducing tariffs; globalisation can adversely affect developing countries; caution about dumped goods) and answer: (18.1) Explain the meaning of 'trade liberalisation'. (18.2) How have 'globalisation' and 'free trade' affected the economies of developing countries? (18.3) What should be done by the developing countries to protect from negative impact of 'free trade'? Mention any two steps.

Assertion (A): All the developed countries have opened their markets for products from developing countries. Reason (R): World Trade Organisation deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Options: (A) Both A and R true and R is correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R true but R not correct explanation of A (C) A true, R false (D) A false, R true

During which one of the following phase of population growth in India, negative growth was recorded in a decade? (A) Phase I (B) Phase II (C) Phase III (D) Phase IV

Who are adolescents? Why are they considered important in the population? What are the challenges faced by society in dealing with adolescents?

Choose the right group of states where Dravidian language is spoken majorly. (A) Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra (B) Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (C) Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka (D) Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh

How can we promote sustainable urban development while addressing challenges like pollution, resource scarcity, and congestion in growing cities and new towns?

Study the table 'India - Trends of Urbanisation 1961-2011' and answer: (23.1) In which census year, the decennial growth of urban population is the highest? (23.2) Explain the increasing trend of urban population in India. (23.3) Analyse the continuous increasing trend of number of towns in India.

Which of the following statements about agricultural land use in India between 1950-51 and 2014-15 is correct based on the table? A. The percentage of culturable waste land as part of the reporting area decreased from 8.0% to 4.0%. B. The net area sown as a percentage of total cultivable land decreased from 78.4% to 70.0%. C. The percentage of current fallow land as part of the reporting area decreased from 4.9% to 3.7%. D. The total cultivable land as a percentage of the reporting area increased from 58.0% to 59.5%.

Which of the following was not a measure adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s to promote liberalization and a free-market economy to influence the development of Indian agriculture? A. The creation of the Farmer's Portal to assist with insurance, agricultural storage, crops, seeds, pesticides, market prices, and welfare schemes. B. Launch of the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience while conserving natural resources. C. Promotion of organic farming through schemes like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). D. Introduction of high-yielding seed varieties of wheat (Mexico) and rice (the Philippines) in the 1960s and 1970s.

Mention the main characteristics of the mineral belt of 'South-Western Plateau Region' of India.

Why should non-conventional sources of energy be used in India for sustainable development? Explain with examples.

Formulate a development plan for the Bharmaur tribal region under the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), focusing on improving agriculture, education, and livelihood opportunities, considering the region's climatic conditions, socio-economic challenges, and potential for sustainable development.

The development of the Indira Gandhi Canal Command area has led to the degradation of the physical environment there. Suggest five measures to promote ecological sustainability in the Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

Explain the meaning of 'target area planning'. Analyse the need of 'target area planning' for development.

Which one of the following cities serve as headquarter of two railway zones? (A) Kolkata (B) Chennai (C) Jaipur (D) Bilaspur

"Indian Railways have facilitated the movement of both freight and passengers and contributed to the growth of economy." Support the statement with suitable arguments.

"India has one of the second largest road networks in the world." Support the statement.

Analyse the changing pattern of India's international trade.

Analyse the importance of Indian seaports in the development of international trade.

Read the passage 'Water Pollution' (industries produce industrial wastes, polluted waste water, poisonous gases, heavy metals disposed in running water/lakes; major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals) and answer: (19.1) Explain how industries are the major contributor of water pollution in India. (19.2) Suggest the way for minimising water pollution. (19.3) Mention two rivers of India which are highly polluted.

Explain the problems faced by slum dwellers in urban areas. How do these problems impact their quality of life?

The loudness of the sound is measured in the unit known as: (A) Millimeter (B) Centimeter (C) Decimal (D) Decibel

Which one of the following is a natural process of land degradation? (A) Mining activities (B) Gully erosion (C) Industrial waste (D) Shifting cultivation

On the given political outline map of India, locate and label any five of the following seven geographical features with appropriate symbols: (30.1) A state with the highest density of population (2011); (30.2) A state leading in the production of tea; (30.3) An iron-ore mining area in southern Chhattisgarh; (30.4) A major area of bauxite mining in Odisha; (30.5) An oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh; (30.6) A major seaport located at the head of Gulf of Kuchchh; (30.7) An international airport in Punjab.

In the given political outline map of the world, seven geographical features have been marked as A-G. Identify any five with the help of the following information: A. A terminal station of Trans-Siberian Railway; B. A major sea port; C. A major air port; D. An international shipping canal; E. An area of 'subsistence gathering'; F. An area of 'commercial livestock rearing'; G. An area of 'dairy farming'.